Real Time PCR Detection of Acanthamoeba Species in the Egyptian Aquatic Environment

Members of Acanthamoeba cause three main types of illness involving the brain and spinal cord (Granulomatous encephalitis), the eye (Acanthamoeba keratitis), and infections that can spread throughout the entire body (disseminated infection). A total of 96 water samples (Nile, ground, tap and swimming pool) were collected for detection of Acanthamoeba species that were cultivated on non-nutrient agar at 30C. The isolated strains of Acanthamoeba spp. were identified based on the morphologic criteria of trophozoites and cyst stages. Molecular characterization of the isolated strains of amoebae was performed by using real time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of the present study Acanthamoeba spp. was detected in 26 % of 96 different water samples by culture and in 22.9% by real time PCR. Percentages were 41.7 %, 29.2 %, 12.5 % and 8.3 % in Nile water, swimming pool water, ground water and tap water, respectively by real time PCR. Statistically, type of water had a strong significant effect on the detection rate of Acanthamoeba spp which prevailed in warmer months in different water types. However, seasonal association of Acanthamoeba spp. with water types was not statistically significant. In conclusion, due to the prevalence of Acanthamoeba species in many diverse environmental settings, more public awareness is needed about general hygiene procedures to prevent disease.